What Is It Call When a Baby Doesn't Get Oxygen to the Brain

What is the brain?

The encephalon is a circuitous organ that controls idea, memory, emotion, bear on, motor skills, vision, animate, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our torso. Together, the brain and spinal cord that extends from it make up the cardinal nervous arrangement, or CNS.

What is the brain made of?

Weighing near three pounds in the boilerplate adult, the brain is most 60% fat. The remaining 40% is a combination of water, poly peptide, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is a not a muscle. Information technology contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells.

What is the gray matter and white affair?

Gray and white affair are two different regions of the central nervous system. In the encephalon, grey thing refers to the darker, outer portion, while white matter describes the lighter, inner section underneath. In the spinal cord, this guild is reversed: The white matter is on the outside, and the gray matter sits inside.

Gray matter is primarily equanimous of neuron somas (the circular cardinal jail cell bodies), and white matter is mostly made of axons (the long stems that connects neurons together) wrapped in myelin (a protective coating). The different composition of neuron parts is why the two announced as separate shades on certain scans.

Each region serves a different part. Gray matter is primarily responsible for processing and interpreting information, while white matter transmits that data to other parts of the nervous organization.

How does the encephalon work?

The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical signals throughout the torso. Unlike signals control different processes, and your encephalon interprets each. Some make you feel tired, for case, while others make y'all feel pain.

Some messages are kept within the brain, while others are relayed through the spine and beyond the body's vast network of nerves to distant extremities. To exercise this, the central nervous system relies on billions of neurons (nerve cells).

Chief Parts of the Brain and Their Functions

At a loftier level, the brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum.

Cerebrum

The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises greyness matter (the cognitive cortex) and white matter at its center. The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Other areas of the cerebrum enable spoken communication, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. Other functions relate to vision, hearing, touch and other senses.

Cerebral Cortex

Cortex is Latin for "bark," and describes the outer gray affair covering of the cerebrum. The cortex has a large surface surface area due to its folds, and comprises about half of the brain'due south weight.

The cognitive cortex is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. It is covered with ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci). The two halves join at a big, deep sulcus (the interhemispheric fissure, AKA the medial longitudinal crack) that runs from the front of the caput to the back. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left one-half controls the correct side of the body. The two halves communicate with one another through a large, C-shaped structure of white matter and nervus pathways called the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is in the heart of the cerebrum.

Brainstem

The brainstem (eye of brain) connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

• Midbrain. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is a very complex structure with a range of different neuron clusters (nuclei and colliculi), neural pathways and other structures. These features facilitate various functions, from hearing and movement to calculating responses and environmental changes. The midbrain likewise contains the substantia nigra, an area affected by Parkinson's disease that is rich in dopamine neurons and part of the basal ganglia, which enables motility and coordination.
• Pons. The pons is the origin for 4 of the 12 cranial fretfulness, which enable a range of activities such as tear production, chewing, blinking, focusing vision, remainder, hearing and facial expression. Named for the Latin word for "bridge," the pons is the connection between the midbrain and the medulla.
• Medulla. At the lesser of the brainstem, the medulla is where the brain meets the spinal cord. The medulla is essential to survival. Functions of the medulla regulate many bodily activities, including centre rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla produces reflexive activities such equally sneezing, vomiting, coughing and swallowing.

The spinal cord extends from the bottom of the medulla and through a big opening in the lesser of the skull. Supported past the vertebrae, the spinal cord carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum ("petty brain") is a fist-sized portion of the encephalon located at the back of the caput, below the temporal and occipital lobes and in a higher place the brainstem. Like the cognitive cortex, it has two hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons, and the inner expanse communicates with the cerebral cortex. Its office is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium. New studies are exploring the cerebellum's roles in thought, emotions and social behavior, every bit well every bit its possible interest in addiction, autism and schizophrenia.

Brain Coverings: Meninges

Iii layers of protective covering called meninges environment the brain and the spinal cord.

• The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below that. Spaces between the layers let for the passage of veins and arteries that supply blood catamenia to the brain.
• The arachnoid mater is a thin, weblike layer of connective tissue that does not incorporate nerves or blood vessels. Below the arachnoid mater is the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This fluid cushions the unabridged central nervous system (brain and spinal string) and continually circulates around these structures to remove impurities.
• The pia mater is a thin membrane that hugs the surface of the encephalon and follows its contours. The pia mater is rich with veins and arteries.

Lobes of the Brain and What They Control

Each brain hemisphere (parts of the cerebrum) has 4 sections, chosen lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Each lobe controls specific functions.

• Frontal lobe. The largest lobe of the brain, located in the front of the caput, the frontal lobe is involved in personality characteristics, decision-making and move. Recognition of odor normally involves parts of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe contains Broca'due south surface area, which is associated with spoken language ability.
• Parietal lobe. The middle part of the encephalon, the parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and sympathize spatial relationships (where one's body is compared with objects around the person). The parietal lobe is also involved in interpreting pain and affect in the body. The parietal lobe houses Wernicke'south surface area, which helps the brain sympathise spoken language.
• Occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is the back function of the encephalon that is involved with vision.
• Temporal lobe. The sides of the brain, temporal lobes are involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some caste of scent recognition.

Deeper Structures Within the Encephalon

Pituitary Gland

Sometimes called the "main gland," the pituitary gland is a pea-sized structure found deep in the brain backside the span of the olfactory organ. The pituitary gland governs the office of other glands in the trunk, regulating the flow of hormones from the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testicles. It receives chemical signals from the hypothalamus through its stalk and blood supply.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland and sends it chemical messages that control its function. It regulates body temperature, synchronizes sleep patterns, controls hunger and thirst and too plays a role in some aspects of retentiveness and emotion.

Amygdala

Small, almond-shaped structures, an amygdala is located under each half (hemisphere) of the brain. Included in the limbic system, the amygdalae regulate emotion and retention and are associated with the encephalon'south reward organisation, stress, and the "fight or flight" response when someone perceives a threat.

Hippocampus

A curved seahorse-shaped organ on the underside of each temporal lobe, the hippocampus is function of a larger construction called the hippocampal germination. It supports memory, learning, navigation and perception of infinite. Information technology receives data from the cerebral cortex and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease.

Pineal Gland

The pineal gland is located deep in the brain and attached past a stem to the acme of the third ventricle. The pineal gland responds to light and dark and secretes melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle.

Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Deep in the brain are iv open up areas with passageways between them. They also open into the fundamental spinal canal and the surface area below arachnoid layer of the meninges.

The ventricles manufacture cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, a watery fluid that circulates in and around the ventricles and the spinal cord, and between the meninges. CSF surrounds and cushions the spinal string and encephalon, washes out waste and impurities, and delivers nutrients.

Claret Supply to the Brain

2 sets of blood vessels supply claret and oxygen to the encephalon: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries.

The external carotid arteries extend up the sides of your neck, and are where you tin feel your pulse when you touch the area with your fingertips. The internal carotid arteries branch into the skull and broadcast blood to the forepart function of the brain.

The vertebral arteries follow the spinal column into the skull, where they join together at the brainstem and grade the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the rear portions of the brain.

The circle of Willis, a loop of blood vessels near the bottom of the brain that connects major arteries, circulates blood from the front of the encephalon to the dorsum and helps the arterial systems communicate with ane another.

Cranial Nerves

Within the cranium (the dome of the skull), there are 12 nerves, called cranial nerves:

• Cranial nerve i: The beginning is the olfactory nerve, which allows for your sense of odour.
• Cranial nerve 2: The optic nervus governs eyesight.
• Cranial nervus iii: The oculomotor nerve controls educatee response and other motions of the eye, and branches out from the area in the brainstem where the midbrain meets the pons.
• Cranial nerve 4: The trochlear nervus controls muscles in the eye. Information technology emerges from the back of the midbrain role of the brainstem.
• Cranial nerve 5: The trigeminal nervus is the largest and most complex of the cranial nerves, with both sensory and motor function. It originates from the pons and conveys awareness from the scalp, teeth, jaw, sinuses, parts of the oral cavity and face to the encephalon, allows the role of chewing muscles, and much more.
• Cranial nerve vi: The abducens nerve innervates some of the muscles in the eye.
• Cranial nerve 7: The facial nervus supports face motility, taste, glandular and other functions.
• Cranial nervus 8: The vestibulocochlear nerve facilitates balance and hearing.
• Cranial nerve ix: The glossopharyngeal nerve allows taste, ear and throat movement, and has many more than functions.
• Cranial nerve ten: The vagus nervus allows sensation around the ear and the digestive system and controls motor activeness in the heart, throat and digestive system.
• Cranial nerve 11: The accessory nervus innervates specific muscles in the head, cervix and shoulder.
• Cranial nervus 12: The hypoglossal nerve supplies motor activity to the natural language.

The outset two fretfulness originate in the cerebrum, and the remaining 10 cranial nerves sally from the brainstem, which has iii parts: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla.

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Source: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain